Category:Papermaking

From Eurêka

Contents 1 Papermaking 2 Japanese Handmade Papermaking 3 Mechanized Papermaking 4 Types of Paper Products 5 Paper Products Industries

Papermaking

Papyrus Laminated writing surface made from sliced inner pith of the papyrus plant.

Rice paper Paper-like material made by cutting and pressing the pith of the rice-paper plant, Tetrapanax papyriferus.

Paper Material made of compactly interlaced fibers of wood, straw, rags, etc., into thin sheets. Invented by Chinese 1st century CE.

1. Handmade paper Paper made without the aid of machines.
2. Rough traditional paper Surface imparted the weave of the felts during the first wet press.
3. Laid paper Sheet of paper made, originally in a frame or mold, on a mesh of close-set, but distinguishable, parallel wires crossed at right angles by other heavier more widely spaced wires that can be viewed in transmitted light.
   1. Chain lines Widely spaced lines visible in the texture of laid paper, made by the wire mesh at the bottom of the tray in which it is made. They are sometimes imitated in machine-made papers.
   2. Laid lines (formerly, Wire lines) Close-set lines in laid paper, made by the wire mesh in the bottom of the frame.

Watermark (Wiremark) Faint mark visible in some paper when viewed by transmitted light, showing the name of the maker, etc., produced by a or device incorporated in the wire mesh of a tray in which pulp settles during the process of papermaking.

1. Batonne (derived Fr baton = stroke of the pen) Said of paper that is watermarked with straight parallel lines some distance apart, originally a handwriting guide.
2. Countermark Subsidiary and smaller watermark with maker’s name or initials, the place of manufacture, introduced 17th cent.

Furnish Various ingredients used in making paper, particularly the fiber or blend of fibers.

Fiber Slender, threadlike structure in plant tissue for which papermaking pulp is made.

1. Half-stuff Any partially broken or beaten fiber. Further beating is necessary before it can be made into paper.

Cotton linters Pulp produced from the shorter seed hairs of the cotton plant (Gossypium) that are one of the main fiber for western hand papermaking.

Cotton rag Long-fiber pulp made from new rag cuttings.

Bonding Capacity of cellulose fibers to adhere and combine. Fibrillation, hydration, beating and drying promote bonding.

1. Fibrillation Action of breaking up the surface of individual cellulose fiber during beating.
2. Hydration Absorption of water by the bruised fiber during beating.
3. Beating Separating and macerating fibers into pulp for sheet formation, done by hand or mechanical beater.
   1. Cutting Optional function of beating used to shorten fibers.
   2. Filler General term for materials added to the pulp during beating to give the finished sheet a smoother, whiter or more opaque appearance by occupying some of the spaces between the fibers.

Fermentation Traditional method of loosening and softening cloth fibers prior to beating by leaving piles of wet rags to heat up and begin to rot.

Cooking Treatment of raw fibers to promote separation, remove contaminants and dissolve unwanted plant material, usually achieved by heating in an alkaline solution.

Stamper Early device (based on action of a pestle and mortar) for reducing papermaking materials to pulp.

Stuff Pulp ready to be made into paper.

Mold Rectangular wooden frame covered with a sieve-like laid or wove wire surface, used for sheet forming.

1. Wove mold Any mold with a woven mesh surface.
2. Laid mold Mold whose cover is made of closely spaced, parallel wires or bamboo strips, held in place by more widely spaced, perpendicular chain wires or threads.
   1. Laid lines Closely spaced lines seen in paper made on a laid mold.

Deckle Removable frame which fits on and around the mold cover to contain the pulp and determine the size of the sheet.

1. Deckle edge Distinctive, slightly ragged edge of a sheet of handmade paper, created by a small amount of pulp seeping under the deckle during formation.

Couch Board or felt blanket on which the wet pulp is laid for drying into sheets.

1. Couching Transferring a freshly sheet of paper from the mold surface onto a dampened felt (western papermaking) or directly onto a previously couched sheet (Japan).
2. Coucher Worker who transfers sheets of wet pulp to the couch.

Felt Woven woolen blanket onto which a newly formed sheet of paper is transferred, or couched in traditional western hand papermaking.

Spur Group of sheets dried together rather than singly.

Grain Orientation of fiber in a sheet of paper.

Finish Surface qualities of a sheet of paper.

Waterleaf Unsized paper.

Wove Paper with an even, granulated texture, mostly made on a continuously close-meshed wire belt. Invented c. 1755 it has been the usual paper for ordinary book-printing since early-19th cent.

Post Pile of newly formed sheets alternated with couching felts, ready for pressing.

Pack Either, (1) Pile of damp sheets, separated from the felts after the first pressing, or (2) Small stack of paper reading for glazing.

Size Substance added during beating or after drying to make paper more water resistant. Originally a solution of gelatin, gum or starch, now various chemical solutions.

1. Rosin Sizing agent derived from the distillation of turpentine or from the treated gum of pine trees.

Pellon Couching fabric.

NOT (abbr., = Not hot-pressed; Cold-pressed) Slightly rough, traditional paper finish, made by pressing damp paper against itself after the first wet press between felts.

Hot-pressed paper (HP) Paper which is glazed by being pressed between hot, polished metal plates or heated rollers.

Embedding Incorporating materials in a sheet of paper, so that the fibers hold the embedded materials in place.

Embossing Creation of raised or depressed surface design in a sheet of paper.

Cockling Surface undulations or wavy edges, usually due to uneven drying.

Japanese Handmade Papermaking

Washi (Jpn) Handmade papers.

Mitsumata (Jpn) Fiber from the shrub Edgeworthia chrysantha, a major source for Japanese papermaking.

Nagashi-zuki (Jpn) Hand papermaking process using lightly beaten fast fibers and neri.

1. Neri (Jpn) Viscous formation used in Japanese papermaking, usually derived from the roots of the tororo-aoi plant, a member of the hibiscus family.

Sugeta (Jpn) Papermaking mold comprising:

1. Su (Jpn) Removable, flexible screen.
2. Geta (Jpn) Hinged wooden frame.

Tamezuki Jpn) Western method of sheet forming.

Suminagashi (Jpn) Technique of marbling paper found in Japan as early as 1118.

Shifu (Jpn) Woven paper cloth.

Kamiko (Jpn) Non-woven cloth.

Mechanized Papermaking

Hollander Machine for the preparation of rags or fibers for papermaking, invented in the Netherlands late-17th cent.

Robert's papermaking machine First machine for making paper by the roll was invented in 1798 by Nicholas-Louis Robert, an employee of the French publishing company of Leger Didot. At first it was used for making wallpaper, the only use, at the time, for long lengths of paper. Robert patented his machine in London 1801.

Fourdrinier Improved Robert’s machine that could produce high quality paper, 1807.

Ruling machine Machine that made the lines on writing paper, 1840s.

Chipper Machine to cut logs into wood chips.

Digester Machine that cooks wood chips to separate the wood fibers from the lignin that binds them together.

Blow tank Container in which the fibers are separated, forming a pulp.

Washer Machine in which any remaining lignin and chemicals are removed.

Bleacher Container in which bleach is added to achieve the desired brightness in the pulp.

Refiners Machine in which pulp is cut and brushed to improve its bonding properties and strength.

Head box Machine in which pulp is mixed with water before entering the presses. The mixture is about 99.5% water to 0.5% pulp.

1. Slurry Mixture of wood fibers and fillers like calcium carbonate or clay.
   1. Slurry formula Specific mixture to produce different kinds of paper.

The wire Screen conveyor belt on which goes the water-pulp mixture. The pulp forms into paper as water drains through the screen.

Presses Rollers to press out the water.

Vacuum table System of forming paper using a vacuum process to compress the pulp, usually consisting of a perforated table connected to a vacuum chamber.

Dryers Steam-heated cylinders remove all but 5% of water.

Calenders Polished steel presses that vary the smoothness and shine on the paper.

Types of Paper Products

Paperboard

Printing paper Publishing industry paper.

Book papers Wide range of papers such as printing papers (coated and uncoated), bond ledger, duplicating, envelope, stationery, etc.

Acid-free paper Paper which does not contain any free acid. Such papers are used for archival purposes or for wrapping articles that would be adversely affected by contact with papers containing active acid.

Safety paper Paper which incorporates anti-falsification characteristics to reveal alterations or attempts at alteration.

Newsprint General term used to describe paper between 40g/m² and 57g/m² generally used in the publication of newspapers. The furnish is largely mechanical wood pulp with some chemical wood pulp.

Roll (AmE) (BrE, Reel) Continuous length of paper or board wound on a core.

Greaseproof papers These are generally made from chemical wood pulps and are highly hydrated so that the paper is resistant to oil and grease.

Glassine papers Supercalendered and transparent or opaque.

Groundwood printing (Specialty papers) Papers generally made on newsprint machines whose chief use is not for newspapers. They include such papers as catalogue, directory, novel or bulky type news, newsprint above 57g/m² and below 40g/m² and other unspecified or colored groundwood papers.

Kraft papers Papers made predominantly from wood pulp produced by the sulfate pulping process. They are comparatively coarse, noted particularly for their strength and, in unbleached grades, used primarily as wrappers or packaging materials. They can be converted into a wide variety of products such as grocers’ bags, envelopes, multiwall sacks, tire wraps, butchers’ wraps, etc.

Sanitary papers Any type of paper used for sanitary disposable purposes. Generally these papers are absorbent, bulky and have a soft texture.

Paper Products Industries

Papermaking industry Organization of the papermaking process. It sank into trouble in the 1990s, first by building unneeded plants in the beginning of the decade leading to too many companies and too much paper supply to match a demand for paper products which had been growing very slowly. Failing to consolidate until the Asian financial crisis forced mergers, 1998 onwards.

Papermaking globalization Even at the turn of the 21st cent, papermaking was a fragmented industry with c. 50 publicly traded companies in North America alone. On the other hand their customers like publishing and manufacturing, were consolidating into global businesses who wanted global suppliers. Even the industry’s leader, International Paper, had only 5% of the world’s business.

(alphabetical listing)

Abitibi-Consolidated World’s leading newsprint manufacturer, Canada’s largest forestry company, based in Montreal, Canada.

1. Abitibi-Consolidated/Donohue Inc. Purchased for $4.6 billion, February 2000.
   1. Donohue Inc. Canada’s most efficient paper maker with Quebecor a leading shareholder.
2. Abitibi-Consolidated/Groupe Videotron Newsprint manufacturer buys Quebec’s largest television cable company, September 2000.

Boise Cascade Corporation Pulp-and-paper company.

Crown Zellerbach Papermaker, US.

Domtar Inc. 2nd-biggest forestry company in Canada, based in Montreal.

Fletcher Challenge New Zealand papermaker looking to sell its newsprint division, 2000.

Georgia-Pacific Corporation (G-P) Lumber, paperboard and commodity paper’s company.

1. AngelSoft Tissue brand owned by G-P.
2. Cornet Tissue brand owned by G-P.
3. Georgia-Pacific/Chesapeake Corporation’s tissue operations Acquired c. 1999.
4. Georgia-Pacific/Unisource Worldwide Acquires distributor of office papers, washroom supplies and janitorial services.
5. Georgia-Pacific/Fort James Georgia-Pacific acquires major tissue manufacturer for $7.5 billion, making GP the world’s largest maker of tissue, 17 July 2000.
   1. Fort James Tissue manufacturer formed when James River and Port Howard merged, 1997.
   2. Quilted Northern Brand.
   3. Brawny Brand.
   4. Dixie Cups Brand of paper cups.

Note Georgia-Pacific moved away from a commodity, raw material-based strategy to commodity papers with their higher margins, late-1990s.

International Paper US’s largest papermaker, leader of office paper market based at Purchase, NY, with 80,000 employees in 30 countries and exporting to 130 countries. At one time its CEO was Paul O’Neill, secretary of the Treasury in the Bush administration and had Alan Greenspan on its board.

1. International Paper/Union Camp International Paper takes over Union Camp Corporation for 5 billion, November 1998.
   1. Union Camp Corporation Second largest supplier of containerboard based in Wayne, NJ, with 18,000 employees in 40 countries.
2. International Paper/Shorewood Packaging Acquired 2000.
3. International Paper/Champion International acquires Champion International Corporation for $7.3 billion, 12 May 2000.
   1. Champion International Corporation Pulp-and-paper company.

Norske Skog Norwegian papermaker, looking for North American purchase, 2000.

St. Laurent Paperboard Canadian manufacturer.

1. St. Laurent Paperboard/Smurfit-Stone Container Merger talks.
   1. Smurfit-Stone Container Corporation World biggest maker of corrugated-boxes, created when Jefferson Smurfit acquired Stone Container Corp, 1998.

Stora Enso Finnish papermaker, world’s largest (Nov. 2002).

1. Stora Enso/Consolidated Papers Finnish company acquires manufacturer based in Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., in a deal worth $4.9 billion, February 2000.

UPM-Kymmene Finnish coated-paper manufacturer.

Westvaco/Mead Corp. Eastern US papermakers merge in a $3.26 billion transaction in face of declining demand, 29 August 2001.

Weyerhaeuser Co. 3rd-largest timber and paper product companies in US founded in Tacoma, based at Federal Way, WA, when German immigrant Frederick Weyerhaeuser purchased 900,000 acres of prime timber land in Washington state, 1900.

1. Weyerhaeuser/MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. Takeover by Weyerhaeuser who closed four packaging plants in March 2000, acquired January 2000.

Willamette Industries Based in Portland, Oregon.